¿Cuáles son los diferentes tipos de tarjetas verdes (Green Card o Tarjeta de residente permanente)?

Kevin Swartz • September 8, 2022

Click here to read this article in Portuguese and English

    Si bien hay muchos tipos diferentes de visas, se dividen en dos categorías: inmigrantes y no inmigrantes, es decir, permanentes y temporales. Esta publicación de blog cubre la visa de inmigrante, también conocida como la "tarjeta verde". Hay muchos tipos de tarjetas verdes y se dividen aproximadamente en cuatro categorías:

1. Basado en la familia


Para aquellos cuya familia incluye a un ciudadano estadounidense, se aplican las siguientes visas:


  • Visa IR-1: si es cónyuge de un ciudadano estadounidense

  • Visa IR-2: si es hijo soltero de un ciudadano estadounidense y tiene menos de 21 años.

  • Visa IR-3: si es un niño adoptado en el extranjero por un ciudadano estadounidense

  • Visa IR-4: si es un niño adoptado dentro de los Estados Unidos (después de haber sido traído a los Estados Unidos) con el propósito de ser adoptado por un ciudadano estadounidense.

  • Visa F3: si está casado y es hijo de un ciudadano estadounidense. Esto se aplica a su cónyuge e hijos también.

  • Visa F4: si es hermano de un ciudadano estadounidense. Esto se aplica a su cónyuge e hijos también.


Para aquellos cuyos familiares incluyen un residente permanente legal (LPR) en los Estados Unidos, se aplican las siguientes visas:


  • Visa F2A: si es cónyuge o hijos menores de un LPR

  • Visa F2B: si no está casado, tiene más de 21 años y es hijo de un LPR

2. Basado en el empleo


Para aquellos que tienen o tendrán un empleo dentro de los Estados Unidos. Se aplica lo siguiente:

  • Transferencia de Visa H-1B a Tarjeta Verde

Una vez que tenga una visa H-1B válida, su empleador debe presentar ante el Departamento de Trabajo de los Estados Unidos (DOL) una Certificación Laboral Permanente (PERM). El empleador debe demostrarle al DOL que no pudo encontrar un ciudadano estadounidense calificado para el puesto de trabajo. Hay varios pasos para que el empleador satisfaga este criterio, que incluye intentos reales de reclutar ciudadanos estadounidenses para el puesto y anuncios publicados para el puesto dirigidos a ciudadanos estadounidenses.


  • Visa EB-1 para Trabajadores Prioritarios. Esto incluye:

o  Profesores académicos e investigadores excepcionales

o   Gerentes y ejecutivos excepcionales

o   Aquellos con habilidades excepcionales en los negocios, las artes, las ciencias, la educación o el atletismo

o   Si se encuentra dentro de una de esas categorías, debe demostrarle a USCIS que está en la cima de su campo, según el cumplimiento de criterios específicos.


  • Visa EB-2 para aquellos con títulos avanzados o habilidades excepcionales. Esto incluye:

o   Aquellos con habilidades extraordinarias en el arte, los negocios y la ciencia.


Esto es similar a un EB-1, y los requisitos son menos estrictos. Sin embargo, el tiempo de procesamiento para un EB-2 puede ser mucho más largo, necesitará una certificación PERM a menos que pueda demostrarle a USCIS que renunciar al requisito sería de interés nacional (también conocido como Exención de interés nacional), y necesitará un empleador actual o potencial para patrocinar su solicitud.


o   Aquellos con títulos avanzados (por ejemplo, Maestría o Doctorado)

o   Médicos que servirán en áreas desatendidas en los Estados Unidos.


  • Visa EB-3 para trabajadores calificados/profesionales. El tiempo de procesamiento puede llevar varios años. Al igual que el EB-2, necesita un empleador actual o potencial para patrocinar su solicitud. Esta visa se aplica a:

o   Aquellos con títulos de licenciatura

o   Trabajadores calificados con un mínimo de dos años de experiencia

o   Trabajadores no calificados


  • Visa EB-4 para inmigrantes especiales y trabajadores religiosos. Esta visa basada en el empleo se aplica a:

o   Aquellos que trabajan para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en el extranjero

o   Locutores

o   Traductores iraquíes/afganos

o   Empleados de organizaciones internacionales sin fines de lucro

o   Médicos

o   Ciertos miembros activos y retirados de las fuerzas armadas y sus cónyuges e hijos


  • Visa EB-5 para inversionistas. Esto incluye:

o   Aquellos inversionistas que crearán un mínimo de 10 empleos de tiempo completo en los Estados Unidos e invertirán al menos $ 500,000 en la economía de los Estados Unidos.

3. Basado en residentes que regresan


Para aquellos que eran LPR pero abandonaron el país por más de un año (lo que cancelará una tarjeta verde válida). La siguiente visa se aplica a los LPR que abandonaron los Estados Unidos por más de un año debido a circunstancias fuera de su control:



  • Visa SB-1. Ejemplos de circunstancias fuera del control de uno incluyen:

i. Enfermedad repentina o enfermedad que impidió viajar de regreso a los Estados Unidos.


ii. Embarazo en el que el médico desaconsejó los viajes internacionales


iii. Sus documentos de inmigración le son retenidos en contra de su voluntad.


iv. El país al que viajaste prohíbe la salida

4. Basado en la diversidad


Comúnmente conocida como la "Lotería de la tarjeta verde", este tipo de tarjeta verde se otorga al azar a un porcentaje muy pequeño de los que la solicitan. El proceso de selección está diseñado para evitar que una nación extranjera tenga sustancialmente más visas otorgadas para sus ciudadanos que para las de otras naciones extranjeras. Hay muchas reglas, limitaciones y excepciones para quién puede presentar una solicitud. Pero en general, usted debe:


  • Ser de un país en el que menos de 50,000 nativos de ese país hayan emigrado a los Estados Unidos en los cinco años anteriores. En 2019, esto excluyó a los de Bangladesh, Brasil, Canadá, China, Colombia, República Dominicana, El Salvador, Haití, India, Jamaica, México, Nigeria, Pakistán, Perú, Filipinas, Corea del Sur y el Reino Unido (excepto Irlanda del Norte) y Vietnam.

  • Tener al menos 18 años

  • Haber completado la escuela secundaria y tener un diploma de escuela secundaria o título equivalente

  • Tener al menos 2 años de experiencia laboral en los últimos 5 años


Muchos de los que no son elegibles para una visa de inmigrante (tarjeta verde) pueden ser elegibles para una variedad de visas de no inmigrante. Si se otorga una visa de no inmigrante y el peticionario posteriormente se vuelve elegible para una tarjeta verde, la visa de no inmigrante no es una barrera para solicitar una tarjeta verde.


Este blog no pretende ser un consejo legal y nada aquí debe interpretarse como el establecimiento de una relación abogado-cliente. Programe una consulta con un abogado de inmigración antes de actuar sobre cualquier información que lea aquí.

Similar Posts

USCIS Updates Guidance on Child Status Protection Act (CSPA) Age Calculation

By Angelica Rice • October 17, 2024
On September 25, 2024, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) recently updated its guidance on the Child Status Protection Act (CSPA) to clarify how an applicant’s CSPA age is calculated when extraordinary circumstances are involved. This update is designed to help Applicants and their families better understand how their eligibility for certain immigration benefits may be impacted by delays or special conditions during the process . The CSPA is a crucial law that helps protect children from "aging out" of the immigration process , meaning turning 21 years old while waiting for family-based immigration petitions to be processed. Normally, once a child turns 21, they may no longer qualify for a green card under certain family visa categories. However, the CSPA allows a special calculation of a child’s age to determine whether they can still be considered a "child" for immigration purposes, even if they have passed the age of 21. USCIS's recent update focuses on two key points: First , it clarifies how extraordinary circumstances may excuse an applicant from the usual requirement to apply for a green card (or "seek to acquire" permanent residency) within one year of their visa becoming available. If extraordinary circumstances, such as medical issues or other unavoidable situations, prevent an applicant from meeting this deadline, they may still qualify for CSPA protection as long as they can demonstrate these circumstances. Second , the guidance outlines how to calculate the applicant’s CSPA age in cases where these extraordinary circumstances apply . If an immigrant visa was available for a continuous one-year period, the CSPA age is calculated from the date the visa first became available. However, if the visa became available and then unavailable before the applicant could apply, the CSPA age calculation may still use the date the visa first became available—if the applicant can show they were unable to apply due to extraordinary circumstances. This update addresses an issue that was not previously covered in detail by USCIS policy. Before this clarification, it was unclear how the CSPA age would be calculated for noncitizens who had extraordinary reasons for not applying for a green card during the time their visa was available. By providing this updated guidance, USCIS aims to ensure that these cases are handled consistently and fairly. In conclusion, this recent USCIS update offers clearer guidance on how extraordinary circumstances affect CSPA age calculation. If you believe your family might benefit from this update, please reach out to one of our highly experienced immigration attorneys, who can help you understand how these changes apply to your situation. For more detailed information, you can visit the USCISPolicyManual or review the official USCISannouncement .

What Is the Affirmative Relief Announcement?

By Flavia Santos Lloyd • June 20, 2024
On June 18, 2024, President Biden announced a series of immigration actions using the authority granted to him by our existing immigration laws. These actions will help certain undocumented individuals in the United States, including: Spouses and children of U.S. citizens who have been living in the United States for at least 10 years. You may be eligible to apply for your green card without leaving the United States, if, as of June 17, 2024: ○ You are in the United States after entering without permission; ○ You have lived in the United States for at least 10 years and have never left; ○ You are legally married to a U.S. citizen or have a qualifying stepchild relationship with a U.S. citizen; and ○ You do not have certain criminal history or pose a threat to national security or public safety. If you meet these criteria, the government MAY grant you parole-in-place. Parole would be granted for a one-time period of three years. You may also be eligible for employment authorization for up to three years. If you are granted parole y ou may apply for your green card within three years of approval. Eligibility is determined on a case-by-case basis. College-educated DACA recipients and Dreamers who are qualified for nonimmigrant status, such as an H-1B specialty occupation visa. You may be eligible to apply for a temporary visa more easily, if: ○ You have a degree from an accredited U.S. institution of higher education; and ○ You have an offer of employment from a U.S. employer in a field related to your degree. Please note that these programs have NOT YET begun. Details on how to apply are expected to be released by the end of the summer through a Federal Register notice. This means: You cannot submit an application at this time. An early-filed application will be rejected . You should not pay anyone a fee associated with filing an application at this time. Be patient and take the time to find the right help. The wrong advice could harm your chances of staying in the United States, getting lawful status, or becoming a U.S. citizen. Don't be fooled by notarios and other consultants who promise immediate results or special solutions in order to steal your money. Many unscrupulous individuals will cost more than licensed attorneys! If you are unsure if someone is qualified to help, ask for proof of their credentials and retain a copy of that evidence. This program could also be legally challenged, which could impact its implementation. This makes it even more important to have a qualified, knowledgeable attorney. USE AILA’s Find an Immigration Lawyer Search, ailalawyer.org , to find a licensed immigration attorney in good standing. Or find an accredited representative at: https://www.justice.gov/eoir/find-legal-representation . FONT: https://www.aila.org/library/information-and-guidance-on-new-actions-to-promote-family-unity

Taxation of U.S. Residents: Green Card vs Substantial Presence

By Olga Guzhva • March 21, 2024
If you are a U.S. resident within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 7701(b)(1)(A) , an immigrant needs to understand the U.S. tax obligations. When you are a permanent resident, your worldwide income is subject to U.S. income tax the same way as a U.S. citizen. You are a resident of the United States for tax purposes if you meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for the calendar year. 1. “Green Card” Test means that you possess a Permanent Resident Card, Form I-551, also known as a "green card”, at any time during the calendar year. You continue to have U.S. resident status, unless: you voluntarily renounce and abandon your resident status, or your resident status is terminated, either by the USCIS, or by a U.S. federal court. If you meet the green card test at any time during the calendar year, but do not meet the substantial presence test for that year , your residency starting date is the first day on which you are present in the United States as a lawful permanent resident. In other words, if you have your green card for less than a full calendar year, your tax obligations could be less and are calculated as follows: 2. In order to meet the Substantial Presence test , you must be physically present in the United States on at least: 31 days during the current year, and 183 days during the 3-year period that includes the current year and the 2 years immediately before that, counting : a. All the days you were present in the current year, and b. 1/3 of the days you were present in the first year before the current year, and c. 1/6 of the days you were present in the second year before the current year. In other words, a look back applies when calculating a substantial presence test for the U.S. tax purposes. If a green card holder does not meet a substantial presence test, then he or she is subject to U.S. income tax the same way as a U.S. citizen BUT ONLY for a portion of the calendar year, from the date of becoming a U.S. permanent resident. Navigating the complexities of the U.S. immigration and tax laws often requires professional legal guidance. Seeking assistance from an experienced immigration attorney well-versed in U.S. taxation can significantly enhance the chances of your successful immigrant planning, ensuring compliance with these intricate regulations and requirements. If you have any questions about what this means for you, please schedule a consultation with our office. We look forward to working with you!

Self-Sponsoring for Employment-Based Green Cards

By Kyle Huffman • December 7, 2023
In the landscape of U.S. immigration law, the pursuit of an employment-based green card can be a significant milestone for foreign nationals aspiring to establish their careers in the United States. Among the various pathways available, self-sponsorship for an employment-based green card stands out as an option that grants individuals the ability to sponsor their own immigration journey, offering a unique opportunity for skilled professionals and entrepreneurs. Traditionally, most employment-based green card categories require an employer to sponsor the foreign national, demonstrating the need for their skills or expertise. However, certain visa categories permit self-sponsorship, allowing individuals to petition for permanent residency without a specific employer's sponsorship. These include: 1. EB-1A Extraordinary Ability: Individuals with extraordinary abilities in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics may self-petition for an employment-based green card. They must demonstrate sustained national or international acclaim, providing extensive evidence of their achievements in their field. 2. EB-2 National Interest Waiver (NIW): This category enables individuals whose work is deemed to be in the interest of the United States to self-sponsor. Applicants must demonstrate their work's significance and how it benefits the nation as a whole. 3. EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program: Entrepreneurs investing in a new commercial enterprise that creates jobs for U.S. workers can self-petition for an employment-based green card. They must meet certain investment thresholds and fulfill job creation requirements. While these classifications have the advantage of allowing an individual to self-petition, each of these applications have distinct, stringent requirements to meet. This route can be challenging, requiring substantial evidence and a compelling case to prove extraordinary abilities or qualifications. Additionally, meeting the high standards set by USCIS for self-sponsorship can be demanding, necessitating thorough preparation and documentation. Navigating the complexities of immigration law, especially concerning self-sponsorship, often requires professional legal guidance. Seeking assistance from experienced immigration attorneys or consultants can significantly enhance the chances of a successful self-sponsored green card application, ensuring compliance with the intricate regulations and requirements. If you have any questions about what this means for you, please schedule a consultation with one of our experienced attorneys. We look forward to working with you.
Show More

The Laken Riley Act: A New Era of State Involvement in Federal Immigration Policy

By Kris Quadros-Ragar • February 6, 2025
On January 29, 2025, President Trump signed the Laken Riley Act into law, significantly altering how immigration policies are enforced in the United States. This legislation grants State attorneys general and other authorized officials unprecedented authority to interpret and implement federal immigration policies. It also empowers them to take legal action against the federal government if they believe federal immigration enforcement negatively impacts their state. With this new authority, states now play a direct role in shaping immigration outcomes—a responsibility traditionally held by the federal government. One of the most immediate effects of the Laken Riley Act is that it allows states to seek injunctive relief to block the issuance of visas to nationals of countries that refuse or unreasonably delay the acceptance of their citizens who have been ordered removed from the United States . This means that if a country does not cooperate with U.S. deportation efforts, its nationals—regardless of their legal status—could face significant difficulties obtaining or renewing visas. As a result, foreign nationals from these countries may encounter increased uncertainty when traveling internationally or securing work authorization in the U.S. Beyond visa processing, the law introduces a new level of unpredictability into the immigration system. By allowing state attorneys general to intervene in federal procedures, and immigration policies that may now vary based on state-level decisions. In the coming months, it remains to be seen how individual states will wield this power—whether they will actively seek to block visa issuance or push for broader immigration enforcement measures. For foreign nationals and employers, staying informed about which countries are deemed “uncooperative” is now more important than ever. Those needing visa renewals or planning international travel should prepare for potential delays and seek professional guidance to navigate these uncertainties. The Laken Riley Act also mandates federal immigration authorities to detain and deport individuals without legal status who are charged with certain offenses, including minor theft or shoplifting, assaulting a law enforcement officer, and crimes resulting in death or serious bodily injury. This provision underscores a stricter approach to immigration enforcement, affecting individuals accused of both minor and serious offenses. With immigration policies now subject to a new layer of state involvement, it is more important than ever to stay informed and prepared for potential challenges. If you have concerns about how the Laken Riley Act may affect your immigration status or business, contact Santos Lloyd Law Firm for strategic counsel tailored to your needs.

Understanding the January 28, 2025, Vacatur Memo on Venezuela TPS

By Angelica Rice • January 31, 2025
On January 28, 2025, Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem vacated the January 10, 2025, decision by former Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas that had extended the 2023 designation of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Venezuela and ordered that his January 17, 2025, notice re-designating Venezuela TPS be vacated. This action has understandably caused confusion and concern among Venezuelan TPS beneficiaries and those with pending applications. It is critical to clarify that this does not mean that the TPS program for Venezuela has been eliminated . Instead, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) must now reconsider whether to re-designate (extend) or terminate the previous Venezuela TPS designations from 2021 and 2023. What Does the Vacatur Mean? Because the January 17, 2025, TPS extension was vacated, the most recent valid TPS designation for Venezuela remains the October 3, 2023, designation . The vacatur does not immediately affect TPS protections for individuals covered under the prior designations. However, DHS must make key decisions in the coming months: By February 1, 2025 , DHS must decide whether to extend or terminate the October 3, 2023, designation . By July 12, 2025 , DHS must decide whether to extend or terminate the March 9, 2021, designation . If the Secretary does not make a timely determination (for example, if the Secretary were not to make determination by February 1, 2025 whether to extend or terminate the 2023 Venezuela TPS designation), then the statute provides for an automatic extension of the designation for an additional period of 6 months . INA 244(b)(3)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1254a(b)(3)(C). Until these decisions are made, TPS remains in effect under the previous designations , and those who have already been granted TPS are not immediately impacted. Who Is Affected and What Should You Do? Current TPS Holders If you were already granted TPS under the March 9, 2021, or October 3, 2023, designations, your status remains valid. You must continue to comply with all re-registration requirements to maintain your protection and work authorization. Re-registration period: TPS beneficiaries under the 2021 and 2023 designations must re-register between January 17, 2025, and September 10, 2025 , to maintain their legal status and work authorization. Individuals with Pending TPS Applications as of January 17, 2025 If you applied for TPS before January 17, 2025 , under a previous designation, your application will continue to be processed . If your application is approved, your TPS protection will remain valid at least until April 2, 2025 . There is no need to reapply. Individuals Who Applied for TPS Between January 10, 2025, and January 28, 2025 If you applied for TPS during this period, USCIS will cease processing your applications and issue refunds of any fees paid in association with those applications . Additionally, USCIS will invalidate EADs; Forms 1-797, Notice of Action (Approval Notice); and Forms 1-94, Arrival/Departure Record (collectively known as TPS-related documentation) that have been issued with October 2, 2026 expiration dates under the January 17, 2025 Mayorkas Notice. What Happens Next? Given the Biden administration’s prior support for TPS, many expect DHS to extend or re-designate Venezuela for TPS rather than terminate it . However, no final decision has been made , and Venezuelan nationals with TPS or pending applications should continue to follow updates closely. What Should You Do Now? If you currently hold TPS , continue to comply with all TPS renewal requirements and remain aware of DHS’s upcoming decisions. If you have a pending application , check USCIS updates regularly and consult with an immigration attorney for the latest guidance.  If you applied between January 17, 2025, and January 28, 2025 , seek legal counsel to understand how the vacatur may affect your application. Stay Informed and Get Legal Guidance Our immigration firm is closely following these developments and will provide updates as soon as DHS makes its decision. If you have questions about your TPS status or how this memo affects your case, contact our office today for a consultation. For more information, refer to the official DHS notice on the vacatur: Vacatur of 2025 Temporary Protected Status Decision for Venezuela .

U.S. Birthright Citizenship: The new Trump Order and its Legal Challenges

By Angelica Rice • January 23, 2025
On January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled "Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship," which aims to end birthright citizenship for certain children born in the United States . This order specifically targets children born to mothers who are either unlawfully present or temporarily in the U.S. on visas, such as student, work, or tourist visas, if the father is neither a U.S. citizen nor a lawful permanent resident. Under this new policy, these children will no longer be granted automatic U.S. citizenship. The order is set to take effect 30 days from its signing and applies only to births occurring after that period, meaning it does not retroactively affect children born before the effective date. This executive order challenges the long-standing interpretation of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees citizenship to all individuals born on American soil . The amendment states, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." For over a century, this provision has been understood to grant citizenship to most individuals born in the U.S., regardless of their parents' immigration status. In response to the executive order, immigrant rights advocacy groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), have filed lawsuits challenging its constitutionality . They argue that the order violates the clear mandate of the 14th Amendment and undermines fundamental American values. Legal experts anticipate that this issue will be contested in courts, with the potential for the order to be blocked or overturned. On January 23, 2025, a federal judge in Seattle issued a temporary restraining order (TRO), effectively blocking the executive order from taking effect for the next 14 days . The court cited potential constitutional violations and the need for further legal briefings before any enforcement could proceed. This ruling provides temporary relief to affected families and signals the likelihood of a prolonged legal battle. Further hearings are scheduled to determine whether the order will be permanently blocked or allowed to proceed. For families affected by this order, there is growing concern about the potential challenges their children may face without U.S. citizenship. Access to essential services, education, and employment opportunities could become more difficult for those impacted. However, it is important to remain hopeful, as the legal system provides checks and balances to ensure that any executive action aligns with constitutional principles. Historically, similar attempts to restrict birthright citizenship have faced significant legal challenges and have not been upheld . If you or someone you know may be impacted by this executive order, staying informed and understanding your rights is crucial. At Santos Lloyd Law Firm, P.C., our trusted immigration attorneys are available to provide guidance and support during this uncertain time, please contact us if you need assistance.
Show More
Share by:
WhatsApp Live Chat
WhatsApp Logo

Contact Us

×
Hello! How can we help you?